Study says two-thirds of reef sharks and rays risk extinction

SHARKS | CORAL | THREATS

According to new research published Tuesday, nearly two-thirds of the sharks and rays that live among the world's corals are threatened with extinction, putting precious reefs at risk.

Coral reefs, which harbor at least a quarter of all marine animals and plants, are gravely menaced by an array of human threats, including overfishing, pollution, and climate change.

Shark and ray species, ranging from apex predators to filter feeders, play critical roles in these delicate ecosystems that "cannot be filled by other species," according to Samantha Sherman of Simon Fraser University in Canada and the wildlife organization TRAFFIC International.

But they are under grave threat globally, according to a study in the journal Nature Communications, which assessed extinction vulnerability data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to look at 134 species of sharks and rays linked to reefs.

The authors found 59 percent of coral reef shark and ray species are threatened with extinction, an extinction risk that almost doubles that of sharks and rays in general.

Five shark species are critically endangered, as are nine ray species, all of which are so-called "rhino rays" that resemble sharks rather than stingrays.

Keeping reefs healthier

"It was a bit surprising just how high the threat level is for these species," Sherman told AFP.

"Many species that we thought of as common are declining at alarming rates and becoming more difficult to find in some places."

Sherman said the biggest threat to these species by far is overfishing.

Sharks are under the most threat in the Western Atlantic and parts of the Indian Ocean, whereas the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia are at the highest risk for rays.

According to Sherman, these areas are heavily fished and do not currently have management in place to reduce the impact on these species.

Last year, countries at the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species summit approved a plan to protect dozens of shark and ray species, adding 21 coral reef species in addition to the 18 species already covered by the regulations.

Sherman said this was "a step in the right direction," but added that a global effort was needed to improve implementation, while the regulations themselves do not stop these species from being killed as "bycatch."

She added that the study showed greater risks from rays on coral reefs, but that they enjoy fewer protections.

"The solutions are similar for both sharks and rays: limits on fishing, well-placed and properly implemented marine protected areas, and alternative livelihood solutions to reduce the number of fishers on coral reefs," Sherman said.

Coral reef fisheries directly support the livelihoods and food security of over half a billion people, but this crucial ecosystem is facing an existential threat from overexploitation and global warming.

Human-driven climate change has spurred mass coral bleaching as the world's oceans get warmer.

Modeling research has shown that even if the Paris climate goal of holding global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius is reached, 99 percent of the world's coral reefs will not be able to recover.

At two degrees of warming, the number rose to 100 percent.

"We know coral reef health is declining, largely due to climate change; however, coral reef sharks and rays can help keep reefs healthier for longer," said Sherman.

The study was carried out by an international team of experts from universities, government agencies, and regional oceanic and fishery organizations, as well as non-governmental organizations across the world.

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